A new score to predict severe respiratory failure and guide anakinra treatment in COVID-19 pneumonia: analysis of the randomized SAVE-MORE trial

Introduction: Anakinra treatment is approved for the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia in hospitalized adults in need of oxygen and at risk for progression into severe respiratory failure (SRF) defined as circulating concentrations of the biomarker suPAR (soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor) >= 6 ng/mL by the EMA and has been authorized for emergency use by FDA under an EUA [1]. This is based on the results of the randomized SAVE-MORE trial where suPAR >= 6 ng/ mL was used to select patients at risk for SRF [2]. The suPAR test is not commercially available in the USA and an alternative method of patient selection was needed. Method(s): In collaboration with the US FDA, an alternative method to select patients most likely to have suPAR >= 6 ng/mL based on commonly measured patient characteristics was developed. Patients with at least 3 of the following criteria are considered likely to have suPAR >= 6 ng/ ml: age >= 75 years, severe pneumonia by WHO criteria, current/previous smoking status, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score >= 3, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio >= 7, hemoglobin <= 10.5 g/dl, history of ischemic stroke, blood urea >= 50 mg/dl and/or history of renal disease. Result(s): The positive predictive value of this new score was 95.4% in SAVE-MORE population. However, a lower sensitivity meant a small proportion of patients with suPAR >= 6 ng/ml will not be identified by the new score. The adjusted hazard ratio for survival at 60 days for patients meeting this score and who receive anakinra is 0.45 (Fig. 1). Conclusion(s): The developed score predicts accurately patients with suPAR levels >= 6 ng/mL and may be used as an alternative to guide anakinra treatment in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Based on these subgroup results, patients in SAVE-MORE who met the new score appeared to show beneficial efficacy results with treatment of anakinra consistent with the overall studied population.

Clinical recrudescence of chronic untreated P. malariae infection after BNT162b2 CoVID-19 vaccine.

We described a case of clinical reactivation of chronic P. malariae infection following CoVID-19 vaccination with BNT162b2 (Pifzer-Biontech CoVID-19 vaccine) in a 48-year old Italian man.The patient came to our attention for fever of unknown origin show a quartan pattern (every third day) associated to splenomegaly, the onset of the fever occurred one month after CoVID-19 vaccination with BNT162b2. P. malariae was diagnosed using Carestart™ malaria rapid test and Polymerase-Chain Reaction. Post-vaccine transient reduction of immune reactivity is described in literature, although the mechanism is unknown.